BẠCH MAI SẮN TÂY NGUYÊN
#cnm365 #cltvn 12 tháng 1
Hoàng Kim

Đến với Tây Nguyên mới
Xuân ấm áp tình thân
Có một ngày như thế
Bạch Mai sắn Tây Nguyên

Chúc mừng ngày Hạnh Phúc TS. Nguyễn Bạch Mai.#cnm365 #cltvn 12 tháng 1 Thông tin tại https://hoangkimvn.wordpress.com/ và http://fa.hcmuaf.edu.vn/hoangkimlong và https://cnm365.wordpress.com/category/chao-ngay-moi-12-thang-1/:

Giống sắn KM419 chủ lực sản xuất và thương mại đang được tích hợp gen kháng bệnh CMD của C39 * với các giống sắn lai triển vọng KM419, KM397, KM440. Đề tài này được liên kết, để Bảo tồn và phát triển sắ n. Các giống sắn tốt thương hiệu Việt Nam với quy trình “Mười kỹ thuật thâm canh sắn (10T)” https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/muoi-ky-thuat-tham-canh-san/.

Chúng tôi may mắn lần đó đã gặp nhiều bạn quý, có cả những nhân vật lớn của Học viện Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, cựu Hiệu trưởng GS.TS. NGND. Trần Đức Viên (2007 – 2014), tân Hiệu trưởng GS.TS. Nguyễn Thị Lan (2015 – nay) người đoạt Giải thưởng Kovalevskaia 2018, TS. Lê Ngọc Báu Liên hiệp các hội KHKT tỉnh Đắk Lắk với nhiều người khác, có cả chuyện hay “Kim Thiếp Vũ Môn Trần Gia Ninh” và các chuyện thú vi khác, tôi chưa kịp chép lại. BM Nguyễn ngày nay đang tiếp tục dấn bước trên con đường Bảo tồn và phát triển sắn https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/bao-ton-va-phat-trien-san/

Bài học chọn giống sắn Việt Nam tương tự bài học chọn giống lúa Việt Nam “Hồ Quang Cua gạo ST” https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/ho-quang-cua-gao-st/ (Commercial key cassava variety KM419 is being integrated with C39’s CMD resistance gene * with promising hybrids of KM419, KM397, and KM440. This topic is being linked, for Vietnam cassava conservation and sustainable development. Good cassava varieties with Vietnamese brand and the “Ten cassava intensive farming techniques 10T”Vietnamese cassava lesson is similar to Vietnamese rice lesson “Ho Quang Cua, Soc Trang ST24 fragrant rice”- with Hoàng Kim, Hoang Long, Trúc Mai, BM Nguyễn, Hung Nguyenviet, Nguyễn Minh Cường, Nhạn Phạm, Jonathan Newby, Quyen Mai Van, Trần Ngọc Ngoạn)

Kỹ thuật trồng sắn KM419 (khoai mỳ)-ACP_Đăk Lăk https://youtu.be/VT3yDprIh8E Video by Quang Chinh Pham

TÀI LIỆU TRÍCH DẪN

BM Nguyễn cùng với Jonathan Newby.10 tháng 11, 2019 · Được mùa VÀO NGÀY NÀY 2 năm trước; Hoàng Kim cùng với Luat Nguyen và Cua Ho Quang. 11 tháng 11, 2019 · Đã chia sẻ với Công khai

Hình ảnh này không có thuộc tính alt; tên tập tin này là st25-gao-ngon-viet-nam.jpg

HỒ QUANG CUA GẠO ST
Hoàng Kim

Chúc mừng Gạo thơm Sóc Trăng ST24 của kỹ sư Hồ Quang Cua anh hùng lao động và đồng sự TS Trần Tấn Phương, ThS Nguyễn Thị Thu Hương với Doanh nghiệp Lúa giống Hồ Quang Trí, tỉnh Sóc Trăng đã vinh dự đoạt giải nhất cuộc thi Gạo ngon Việt Nam lần đầu tiên được tổ chức tại thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, ngày 4 tháng 11 năm 2019. Chúc mừng Gạo thơm Sóc Trăng ST24 của Việt Nam từ năm 2017 đã tỏa sáng Hạt ngọc Việt được vinh danh với gạo Thái Lan và… Xem thêm Hồ Quang Cua gạo ST https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/2021/11/11/ho-quang-cua-gao-st/

CHỌN GIỐNG SẮN KHÁNG CWBD
Nguyễn Bạch Mai, Hoàng Kim, Nguyễn Thị Trúc Mai, Hoàng Long, Nguyễn Văn Phu Selection of cassava varieties resistant to CWBD **

Chọn giống sắn kháng CWBD Ở Việt Nam, giải pháp chủ yếu ngăn chặn lây lan CWBD là phòng trừ tổng hợp: sử dụng giống sắn KM419, KM440,KM397, KM98-1 ít nhiễm bệnh hơn so với KM94 và dùng nguồn giống sạch bệnh; vệ sinh đồng ruộng tiêu hủy nguồn bệnh kịp thời; diệt rầy lá, rầy thân, nhện đỏ, rệp sáp và các loại côn trùng lây lan bệnh; cần chăm sóc sắn tốt, bón phân và làm cỏ 3 lần để tăng sức đề kháng cho cây, bố trí mùa vụ thích hợp để hạn chế dịch hại; tiêu hủy nguồn bệnh kịp thời khi bệnh xuất hiện; xem tiếp Bạch Mai sắn Tây Nguyên https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/bach-mai-san-tay-nguyen/ và http://cayluongthuc.blogspot.com/2012/07/muoi-ky-thuat-tham-canh-san.html” và https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/chon-giong-san-khang-cmd/ Trò chuyện với Hoàng Kim https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/tro-chuyen-voi-hoang-kim/ (*)

Selection of cassava varieties resistant to CWBD. In Vietnam, the main solution to prevent the spread of CWBD is integrated control: using cassava varieties KM419, KM440, KM397, KM98-1 less infected than KM94 and using disease-free seed sources; field sanitation to destroy disease sources in a timely manner; kill leafhoppers, stem planthoppers, red spiders, mealybugs and other disease-spreading insects; it is necessary to take good care of cassava, fertilize and weed 3 times to increase the resistance of the plants, arrange appropriate seasons to limit pests; promptly destroy the source of the disease when the disease appears; see more http://cayluongthuc.blogspot.com/2012/07/muoi-ky-thuat-tham-canh-san.html” and https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/chon-giong-san-khang-cmd/ Conversations with Hoang Kim https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/tro-chuyen-voi-hoang-kim/ https://www.youtube.com/embed/0MVPGxOpoPY?version=3&rel=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&fs=1&hl=vi&autohide=2&wmode=transparent CAVAC Cách chọn thân cây sắn để trồng (Video hướng dẫn về bệnh khảm trên cây sắn)https://youtu.be/0MVPGxOpoPY Video của Australian Embassy, Cambodia 18 8 2021 đã viết. “Bạn có biết sắn là cây trồng lớn thứ hai của Campuchia và mang lại sinh kế cho hơn 90.000 hộ gia đình, đóng góp hàng trăm triệu đô la cho nền kinh tế? Điều này cũng có nghĩa là sâu bệnh có thể có tác động tàn phá. Australia thông qua chương trình Chuỗi Giá trị Nông nghiệp Campuchia-Australia (CAVAC) và Trung tâm Nông nghiệp Nhiệt đới Quốc tế (CIAT) đang làm việc với Bộ Nông nghiệp, Lâm nghiệp và Thủy sản để ngăn chặn sự lây lan của bệnh Chổi rồng (CWBD), một mối đe dọa lớn đối với cây sắn. Bệnh CWBD làm giảm hàm lượng tinh bột và sản lượng sắn 80%). Australian Embassy, Cambodia 18 tháng 8 lúc 13:05 “Eradicating Disease from Cambodia’s Cash Crop (ភាសាខ្មែរនៅខាងក្រោម) Did you know cassava is Cambodia’s second biggest crop and provides a livelihood for more… than 90,000 households, contributing hundreds of millions of dollars to the economy? This also means that pests and diseases can have a devastating impact. Australia through the Cambodia-Australia Agricultural Value Chain (CAVAC) program and the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) is working with the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries to stop the spread of Cassava Witches’ Broom Disease, a major threat to cassava that reduces its starch content and yields by 80%” Australian Embassy, Cambodia said.

**

Chọn giống sắn kháng CWBD Ở Việt Nam, giải pháp chủ yếu ngăn chặn lây lan CWBD và CMD là phòng trừ tổng hợp: sử dụng giống sắn KM419, KM440,KM397, KM98-1 ít nhiễm bệnh hơn so với KM94 và dùng nguồn giống sạch bệnh; vệ sinh đồng ruộng tiêu hủy nguồn bệnh kịp thời; diệt rầy lá, rầy thân, nhện đỏ, rệp sáp và các loại côn trùng lây lan bệnh; cần chăm sóc sắn tốt, bón phân và làm cỏ 3 lần để tăng sức đề kháng cho cây, bố trí mùa vụ thích hợp để hạn chế dịch hại; tiêu hủy nguồn bệnh kịp thời khi bệnh xuất hiện; xem thêm http://cayluongthuc.blogspot.com/2012/07/muoi-ky-thuat-tham-canh-san.html”

Selection of cassava varieties resistant to CWBD. In Vietnam, the main solution to prevent the spread of CWBD is integrated control: using cassava varieties KM419, KM440, KM397, KM98-1 less infected than KM94 and using disease-free seed sources; field sanitation to destroy disease sources in a timely manner; kill leafhoppers, stem planthoppers, red spiders, mealybugs and other disease-spreading insects; it is necessary to take good care of cassava, fertilize and weed 3 times to increase the resistance of the plants, arrange appropriate seasons to limit pests; promptly destroy the source of the disease when the disease appears; (Hoang Kim and the Team, said. Conversations with Hoang Kim https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/tro-chuyen-voi-hoang-kim/ )

CHỌN GIỐNG SẮN KHÁNG CMD
Nguyễn Thị Trúc Mai, Hoàng Kim, Hoàng Long, và đồng sự
Selection of cassava varieties resistant to CMD (*)

Ở Việt Nam, giống sắn KM419 và KM440 đến nay là phổ biến nhất, sau cả áp lực nặng của bệnh khảm lá CMD và bệnh chổi rồng CWBD. https://youtu.be/XDM6i8vLHcI và https://youtu.be/kjWwyW0hkbU chúng tôi khuyên nông dân nên trồng các loại giống sạch bệnh KM568, KM535, KM419, KM440, KM94, KM140, KM98-1, HN5, HLS14 để khảo nghiệm DUS và VCU. Sắn Việt Nam bảo tồn và phát triển bền vững: xem thêm https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/chon-giong-san-khang-cmd/

In Vietnam, up to now, cassava varieties KM419 and KM440 are popular, after even CMD and CWBD, https://youtu.be/XDM6i8vLHcI and https://youtu.be/kjWwyW0hkbU planting clean KM568, KM535, KM419, KM440, KM94, KM140, KM98-1, HN5, HLS14 for DUS and VCU trials remains our advice to farmer at this stage. Cassava conservation and sustainable development in Vietnam: https://youtu.be/XMHEa-KewEk; https://youtu.be/5l9xPES76fU;

*

Bệnh virus khảm lá CMD từ ban đầu Tây Ninh (2017) lan rộng trên 15 tỉnh thành Việt Nam (2018) là thách thức của các nhà khoa học. “V/v sử dụng giống sắn KM419 trong sản xuất” đã được Bộ NNPTNT xác định tại công văn chỉ đạo của Bộ Nông nghiệp Phát triển Nông thôn, Cục Bảo vệ Thực vật số 1068/ BVTV ngày 3 tháng 5 năm 2019. Giống sắn KM419 có năng suất tinh bột cao nhất và diện tích trồng phổ biến nhất hiện nay ở Việt Nam. Giống sắn KM419 chống chịu trung bình bệnh CMD và bệnh chổi rồng (CWBD), trong điều kiện áp lực hai bệnh này ở Việt Nam là rất cao. Sự cần thiết cấp bách lai tạo KM419 đưa thêm gen kháng bệnh của giống C39, KM440 (KM94 đột biến); KM397 vào giống sắn ưu tú này .

Giống sắn KM419 bìa trái thấp cây, tán gọn, cọng đỏ, chống chịu trung bình với bệnh CMD và CWBD , và các dòng sắn lai ít bệnh CMD và CWBD, so với HLS 11 giữa, cao cây, cọng xanh, nhiễm nặng bệnh CMD

Chọn giống sắn Việt Nam giải pháp tiếp nối hiệu quả là sử dụng giống sắn KM419 năng suất tinh bột cao sạch bệnh tiếp tục lai tạo với các giống sắn kháng bệnh CMD đã có. Bài viết Chọn giống sắn kháng CMD kết nối Chọn giống sắn kháng CWBD và Chọn giống sắn Việt Nam đúc kết tóm tắt thông tin đã có và định hướng cho sự nổ lực Trúc Mai, Hoang Long, BM Nguyễn, Nguyen Van Nam, Nhan Pham, Hung Nguyenviet, Hoàng Kim, Jonathan Newby … đang lai hữu tính và bồi dục nâng cao tính kháng cho các giống sắn KM419, KM440, KM397, tốt nhất hiện nay

Chúng tôi khuyên nông dân nên trồng các loại giống sạch bệnh KM568, KM535, KM419, KM440, KM94, KM140, KM98-1, HN5, HLS14 để khảo nghiệm DUS và VCU , bảo tồn và phát triển những giống sắn tốt nhất có năng suất cao và ít sâu bệnh.

Chọn giống sắn kháng CMD https://hoangkimlong.wordpress.com/category/chon-giong-san-khang-cmd/

Giống sắn KM419 và KM440; Casava in Vietnam: Save and Grow, PhuYen https://youtu.be/XDM6i8vLHcI

CÂY LƯƠNG THỰC VIỆT NAM
Hoàng Kim, Hoàng Long (chủ biên) và đồng sự
http://fa.hcmuaf.edu.vn/hoangkimlong

Bài viết mới (đọc thêm, ngoài giáo trình, bài giảng)

CHỌN GIỐNG SẮN VIỆT NAM
Hoàng Kim, Hoàng Long, Nguyễn Thị Trúc Mai, Nguyễn Bạch Mai, Nguyễn Việt Hưng, Trần Công Khanh (Bài tổng hợp dùng để giảng dạy sắn trong nhà trường và làm tài liệu khuyến nông)

Việt Nam có tổng diện tích sắn thu hoạch năm 2018 là 513.000 ha, với năng suất sắn củ tươi bình quân 19,2 tấn/ ha, sản lượng sắn củ tươi 9,84 triệu tấn. Hai giống sắn chủ lưc KM419 và KM94 chiếm lần lượt 38% và 31,7% tổng diện tích sắn Việt Nam, là hai giống sắn thương mại phổ biến nhất Việt Nam hiện nay. RTB Newsletter 2016. Assessment reveals that most cassava grown in Vietnam has a CIAT pedigree, http://www.rtb.cgiar.org/2016-annual-report/assessment-reveals-that-most-cassava-grown-in-vietnam-has-a-ciat-pedigree/ .
Nguồn gốc và đặc điểm của hai giống sắn chủ lực KM419, KM94 và bốn giống sắn có diện tích trồng phổ biến rộng tại Việt Nam KM140, KM98-5, KM98-1, SM937-26 như sau

Giống sắn KM419
Giống sắn KM 419 được chọn tạo từ tổ hợp lai BKA900 x KM 98-5. Giống do Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh phối hợp với Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Thái Nguyên, Sở Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn Phú Yên, Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Huế tuyển chọn và giới thiệu (Hoàng Kim, Trần Ngọc Ngoạn, Nguyễn Thị Trúc Mai, Võ Văn Quang, Nguyễn Bạch Mai, Nguyễn Thị Lệ Dung, Nguyễn Phương, Hoàng Long, Nguyễn Minh Cường, Đào Trọng Tuấn, Trần Công Khanh, Nguyễn Minh Hiếu, Nguyễn Văn Bộ, Nguyễn Thị Cách, Nguyễn Trọng Hiển, Lê Huy Ham, H. Ceballos and M. Ishitani. (2016), Giống được Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn công nhận sản xuất thử tại Quyết định số 85 / QĐ-BNN-TT Hà Nội ngày 13 tháng 1 năm 2016 cho vùng sinh thái Bắc Trung Bộ, Duyên hải Nam Trung Bộ, Tây Nguyên, Đông Nam Bộ).

Giống sắn KM419 là giống sắn chủ lực của Việt Nam có diện tích thu hoạch năm 2016 chiếm 38 % so với giống sắn KM94 chiếm 31,7% (RTB Newsletter 2016. Assessment reveals that most cassava grown in Vietnam has a CIAT pedigree), và năm 2019 giống sắn KM419 chiếm khoảng 42% tổng diện tích sắn toàn Việt Nam

Giống KM419 có đặc điểm:

+ Thân xanh xám thẳng, ngọn xanh cọng đỏ, lá xanh đậm, không phân nhánh.
+ Năng suất củ tươi: 34,9-54,9 tấn/ha.
+ Tỷ lệ chất khô: 35,1- 39.0%.
+ Hàm lượng tinh bột: 27,8 – 30,7%.
+ Năng suất tinh bột: 10,1-15,8 tấn/ ha
+ Chỉ số thu hoạch: 62 %.
+ Thời gian thu hoạch: 7-10 tháng.
+ Nhiễm trung bình bệnh chồi rồng và bệnh khảm lá virus CMD
+ Cây cao vừa, nhặt mắt, tán gọn, thích hợp trồng mật độ dày 12,500- 14.000 gốc/ ha .

Giống sắn KM419 đã phát triển rộng rãi tại Tây Ninh, Đồng Nai, Đắk Lắk, Phú Yên,…được nông dân các địa phương ưa chuộng với tên gọi sắn giống cao sản siêu bột Nông Lâm. Đặc biệt tại tỉnh Phú Yên giống sắn KM419 được trồng trên 85% tổng diện tích sắn của toàn tỉnh mang lại bội thu năng suất và hiệu quả cao về kinh tế xã hội. Tại Tây Ninh, năm 2019 diện tích sắn bị nhiễm bệnh CMD tuy vẫn còn cao nhưng mức độ hại giảm mạnh, lý do vì KM419 và KM94 là giống chủ lực chiếm trên 76% diện tích mỗi vụ của toàn tỉnh (KM419 chiếm 45% ở vụ Đông Xuân và 54,2% ở vụ Hè Thu; KM94 chiếm 31% ở vụ Đông Xuân và 21,6% ở vụ Hè Thu). Tại Đăk Lắk, năm 2019 diện tích sắn KM419 chiếm trên 70% diện tích mỗi vụ của toàn tỉnh.

Sự bùng nổ về năng suất sản lượng và hiệu quả kinh tế sắn đã trùng hợp với sự xuất hiện, lây lan của các bệnh hại bệnh sắn nghiêm trọng. Đặc biệt bệnh khảm lá CMD do virus gây hại (Sri Lanka Cassava Mosaic Virus) lây lan rất nhanh và gây hại khủng hoảng các vùng trồng sắn. Tại Việt Nam, bệnh này được phát hiện vào tháng 5/2017 trên giống sắn HLS11, đến tháng 7/ 2019 bệnh đã gây hại các vùng trồng sắn của 15 tỉnh, thành phố, trên hầu hết các giống sắn hiện có ở Việt Nam. Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn, Cục BVTV đã có văn bản 1068 ngày 9/5/2019 xác định “Việc hướng dẫn nông dân mua giống KM419 sạch bệnh là giải pháp an toàn, kinh tế nhất hiện nay” .

Nghiên cứu tuyển chọn giống sắn năng suất tinh bột cao, kháng được sâu bệnh hại chính (CMD, CWBD) phù hợp với điều kiện sản xuất tại tỉnh Phú Yên và vùng phụ cận (Nguyễn Thị Trúc Mai, Hoàng Kim, Hoàng Long và đồng sự 2020). Sử dụng giống sắn KM419 năng suất tinh bột cao và nhiểm trung bình bệnh CMD và bệnh chồi rồng (CWBD) để đưa thêm vào gen mục tiêu (C39) kháng bệnh. Chọn tạo và phát triển 1-2 các giống sắn mới trong phả hệ các giống sắn triển vọng KM568, KM537, KM536, KM535, KM534 là nội dung nghiên cứu quan trọng “Chọn tạo sắn Việt Nam” cấp thiết, có tính khả thi cao, tính mới cao, kế thừa và phát triển bền vững giống sắn ở Việt Nam tốt nhất hiện nay.

Hệ thống nhân giống sắn sạch bệnh các giống sắn năng suất tinh bột cao, kháng được sâu bệnh hại chính (CMD, CWBD) thích hợp với điều kiện sản xuất, cần phân biệt rõ các giống sắn, nắm vững nguồn gốc, đặc tính giống và bản tả kỹ thuật của mỗi giớng. Giống sắn tốt Việt Nam KM419 là giống sắn chủ lực sản xuất có năng suất tinh bột trong nhóm giống sắn đạt cao nhất, là sự thật đứng đầu sản xuất thương mại sắn ở Việt Nam trên mười năm nay (2009-2020), nhiểm nhẹ đến trung bình bệnh chồi rồng (CWBD) và bệnh virus khảm lá sắn (CMD), đã chịu áp lực cao trong vùng bệnh CMD tại tỉnh Tây Ninh từ năm 2017, đã được Bộ Nông nghiệp Phát triển Nông thôn, Cục Bảo vệ Thực vật số 1068/ BVTV TV ngày 3 tháng 5 năm 2019 xác định khuyến cáo “Sử dụng giống sắn KM419 trong sản xuất”. Hướng bảo tồn phát triển tiến bộ di truyền giống sắn Việt Nam nên tích hợp thêm gen năng suất tinh bột cao, kháng bệnh hại chính (CMD, CWBD),thích hợp với điều kiện sản xuất, tránh nhầm lẫn giống sắn KM419 (có bản tả kỹ thuật chi tiết đã công bố) với giống sắn HLS11 tuy năng suất bột cao nhưng nhiểm nặng bệnh virus khảm lá sắn (CMD) và giống sắn KM94 tuy năng suất khá, nhiễm trung bình bệnh CMD nhưng nhiễm nặng bệnh chồi rồng (CWBD)

Giống sắn KM 94

Tên gốc KU50 (hoặc Kasetsart 50) được nhập nội từ CIAT/Thái Lan trong bộ giống khảo nghiệm Liên Á năm 1990. Giống do Viện Khoa học Kỹ thuật Nông nghiệp miền Nam, Viện Khoa học Nông nghiệp Việt Nam, Trường Đại học Nông Lâm Thái Nguyên nhập nội, tuyển chọn và giới thiệu (Trần Ngọc Quyền, Hoàng Kim, Võ Văn Tuấn, Kazuo Kawano 1995, Trịnh Phương Loan, Trần Ngọc Ngoạn và ctv. 1995). Giống được Bộ Nông nghiệp và PTNT công nhận giống quốc gia năm 1995 trên toàn quốc tại Quyết định số 97/NN-QLCN/QĐ ngày 25/11/1995. Giống sắn KM94 là giống sắn chủ lực của Việt Nam có diện tích thu hoạch năm 2008 chiếm 75, 54% (Hoang Kim Nguyen Van Bo et al. 2010), năm 2016 chiếm 31,8 % và năm 2019 chiếm khoảng 37% tổng diện tích sắn toàn Việt Nam

Giống KM94 có đặc điểm:

+ Thân xanh xám, ngọn tím, không phân nhánh.
+ Năng suất củ tươi: 33,0 tấn/ha.
+ Tỷ lệ chất khô: 35,1- 39.0%.
+ Hàm lượng tinh bột: 28,7%.
+ Năng suất tinh bột: 7,6-9,5 tấn/ ha
+ Chỉ số thu hoạch: 58 %.
+ Thời gian thu hoạch: 9-11 tháng.
+ Nhiễm trung bình bệnh chồi rồng, bệnh khảm lá sắn CMD và bệnh cháy lá
+ Cây cao, cong ở phần gốc, thích hợp trồng mật độ 10.000-11 000 gốc/ ha .

Giống sắn KM 140

Giống sắn KM140 là con lai của tổ hợp KM 98-1 x KM 36 do Viện Khoa học Kỹ thuật Nông nghiệp miền Nam tuyển chọn và giới thiệu (Trần Công Khanh, Hoàng Kim, Võ Văn Tuấn, Nguyễn Hữu Hỷ, Phạm Văn Biên, Đào Huy Chiên, Reinhardt Howeler và Hernan Ceballos 2007, 2009). Giống KM140 được Bộ Nông nghiệp & PTNT, cho phép sản xuất thử trên toàn quốc (Quyết định số 3468/ QĐ- BNN- TT, ngày 05/ 11/ 2007) và công nhận chính thức tại Quyết định số 358 ngày 20 tháng 09 năm 2010 và cho phép sản xuất hàng hoá trên toàn Quốc theo Thông tư số 65. 65/2010/TT-BNNPTNT, ngày 05 tháng 11 năm 2010 của Bộ trưởng Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển Nông thôn. 0714-10-10-00.và đoạt giải Nhất Hội thi sáng tạo kỹ thuật toàn quốc VIFOTECH năm 2010. Giống KM140 được trồng nhiều tại các tỉnh phía Nam với diện tích thu hoạch năm 2008 trên 30.000 ha, năm 2010 trồng trên 150.000 ha; hiện là giống phổ biến.

Đặc điểm giống:
+ Thân xanh, thẳng, ngọn xanh, cây cao vừa phải, không phân nhánh.
+ Năng suất củ tươi: 33,4 – 35,0 tấn/ha.
+ Tỷ lệ chất khô: 34,8 – 40,2%.
+ Hàm lượng tinh bột: 26,1- 28,7%.
+ Năng suất bột : 9,5 -10,0 tấn/ha
+ Chỉ số thu hoạch: 58 -65 %.
+ Thời gian thu hoạch: 8-10 tháng.
+ Nhiễm nhẹ bệnh cháy lá.
+ Thời gian giữ bột ngắn hơn KM94

Chọn giống sắn Việt Nam; Giống sắn KM140 giải VIFOTECH http://news.gov.vn/Home/VIFOTEC-2009-boasts-for-high-applicability/20101/6051.vgp

Giống sắn KM 98-5
Nguồn gốc: Giống sắn KM98-5 là con lai của tổ hợp KM 98-1 x Rayong 90 do Viện Khoa học Kỹ thuật Nông nghiệp miền Nam tuyển chọn và giới thiệu (Trần Công Khanh, Hoàng Kim, Võ Văn Tuấn, Nguyễn Hữu Hỷ, Phạm Văn Biên, Đào Huy Chiên, Reinhardt Howeler và Hernan Ceballos 2006, 2009). Giống được UBND tỉnh Tây Ninh và UBND tỉnh Đồng Nai công nhận kết quả đề tài ứng dụng KHKT cấp Tỉnh năm 2006. Bộ Nông nghiệp và PTNT công nhận giống năm 2009 cho các vùng Đông Nam Bộ, Duyên hải miền Trung và Tây Nguyên tại Quyết định số 358 ngày 20 tháng 09 năm 2010 Giống KM98-5 được trồng tại các tỉnh phía Nam với diện tích thu hoạch năm 2008 trên 25.000 ha, năm 2010 trồng trên 100.000 ha; hiện là giống phổ biến..

Đặc điểm giống:
+ Thân xanh, hơi cong ở gốc, ngọn xanh, ít phân nhánh.
+ Giống sắn KM98-5 có cây cao hơn và dạng lá dài hơn so với KM419
+ Năng suất củ tươi: 34,5 tấn/ha.
+ Tỷ lệ chất khô: 39,2%.
+ Hàm lượng tinh bột: 28,5%.
+ Năng suất bột : 9,8 tấn/ha
+ Chỉ số thu hoạch: 63 %.
+ Thời gian thu hoạch: 8-10 tháng.
+ Thời gian giữ bột tương đương KM94
+ Nhiễm nhẹ bệnh cháy lá.

Giống sắn KM98-1

Nguồn gốc: KM98-1 là con lai Rayong 1x Rayong 5 (= giống sắn KU 72 của Thái Lan hình trên, nhưng việc lựa chọn giống bố mẹ, lai tạo và chọn dòng thực hiện hoàn toàn tại Việt Nam) do Viện Khoa học Kỹ thuật Nông nghiệp miền Nam tuyển chọn và giới thiệu (Hoàng Kim, Kazuo Kawano, Trần Hồng Uy, Trần Ngọc Quyền, Võ Văn Tuấn, Trần Công Khanh, 1999). Giống KM98-1 được Bộ Nông nghiệp và PTNT công nhận giống năm 1999 cho các vùng Đông Nam Bộ, Duyên hải miền Trung và Tây Nguyên. Giống KM98-1 được trồng phổ biến tại các tỉnh Tây Ninh, Đồng Nai, Nghệ An, Thừa Thiên Huế…. với diện tích thu hoạch năm 2008 trên 18.000 ha, năm 2010 trồng trên 20.000 ha, hiện là giống phổ biến..

Đặc điểm giống:
+ Thân xanh, tai lá rõ, lá xanh, cọng tím
+ Năng suất củ tươi: 32,5 – 40,0 tấn/ha.
+ Tỷ lệ chất khô: 35,8%.
+ Hàm lượng tinh bột: 27,2- 28,3 %.
+ Năng suất bột : 8,9 tấn/ha
+ Chỉ số thu hoạch: 66 %.
+ Thời gian thu hoạch: 8-10 tháng.
+ Nhiễm nhẹ bệnh cháy lá.
+ Bảo quản giống ngắn hơn KM94

Giống sắn SM 937-26

Nguồn gốc: Tên gốc SM937 của CIAT/Clombia được nhập nội bằng hạt từ CIAT/Thái Lan năm 1990. Giống do Viện Khoa học Kỹ thuật Nông nghiệp miền Nam tuyển chọn và giới thiệu (Trần Ngọc Quyền, Hoàng Kim, Võ Văn Tuấn, Kazuo Kawano 1995). Giống SM937-26 được Bộ Nông nghiệp và PTNT công nhận tạm thời năm 1995 cho các vùng Đông Nam Bộ, Duyên hải miền Trung và Tây Nguyên tại Quyết định số 98/NN-QLCN/QĐ ngày 25/11/1995.. Giống SM937-26 được trồng nhiều tại các tỉnh Bình Định, Quảng Ngãi với diện tích thu hoạch năm 2008 trên 15.000 ha, năm 2010 trồng trên 20.000 ha, hiện là giống phổ biến.

Đặc điểm giống:
+ Thân nâu đỏ, thẳng, không phân nhánh
+ Năng suất củ tươi: 32,5 tấn/ha.
+ Tỷ lệ chất khô: 37,9%.
+ Hàm lượng tinh bột: 28,9%.
+ Năng suất bột : 9,4 tấn/ha
+ Chỉ số thu hoạch: 61 %.
+ Thời gian thu hoạch: 8-10 tháng.
+ Nhiễm nhẹ bệnh cháy lá.
+ Vỏ củ dày và cứng hơn KM94

Những bài viết liên quan
Chọn giống sắn Việt Nam
Cách mạng sắn Việt Nam
Sắn Việt và Sắn Thái
Lúa sắn Cămpuchia và Lào
Lúa sắn Việt Châu Phi
Năm giống sắn mới tại Phú Yên
Quản lý bền vững sắn châu Á
Từ Sắn Việt Nam đến Lúa Siêu Xanh
Cassava and Vietnam: Now and Then

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SẮN VIỆT NAM BẢO TỒN VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN BỀN VỮNG

CASSAVA CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM, Trong sách: Sản xuất sắn bền vững ở châu Á đối với nhiều mục đích sử dụng và cho nhiều thị trường. Reihardt Howeler (biên tập) và nhiều tác giả CIAT 2015. Sách Vàng nghề sắn Thông tin dưới đây là lời cám ơn và một số thư mục tài liệu sắn đã xuất bản

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors sincerely acknowledge the contributions of many colleagues who participated and contributed to the Vietnam National Cassava Program (VNCP), as shown in the references below.

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Nguyen Huu Hy, Nguyen Thi Cach and Tong Quoc An. 2007b. Cassava leaf production research in Vietnam. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop. Proc. Seventh Regional Workshop, held in Bangkok,Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002. pp. 494-495.

Nguyen Minh Cuong. 2014. Selection of varieties and determination of the amount of potassium, and its appropriate application for KM419 cultivation in Tay Ninh. MSc thesis, Nong Lam University. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. 147 p.

Nguyen Thanh Phuong. 2011. Studies on intercropping food legumes with cassava on sandy areas in Binh Dinh province. J. Science and Technology of Vietnam Agriculture ISSN 1859-1558 (25) 2011. pp. 97-102.

Nguyen The Dang. 2007. Farmer participatory research on soil erosion control and fertilizer use for cassava in Vietnam 1999-2002. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop. Proc. Seventh Regional Workshop, held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002. pp. 352-362.

Nguyen The Dang and Dinh Ngoc Lan. 1998. Farmer Participatory Research on cassava in Vietnam: Results and expected developments. In: Hoang Kim and Nguyen Dang Mai (Eds.). Results of Vietnam Cassava Research and Extension. Vietnam Cassava Worshop, held inInstitute of Agricultural Sciences for Southern Vietnam, held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. March 2-4, 1998. pp. 106-116.

Nguyen Thi Cach, Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly, R. Howeler, Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Tran Van Minh, Hoang Trong Khang, Dao Thi Phuong, Le Van An, Vu Thi Lua, Pham Van Bien, Le Van Phuoc and Hoang Kim. 2007. Farmer participatory variety trials conducted in Vietnam. In: R.H. Howeler(Ed.). Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop. Proc. Seventh Regional Workshop, held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002. pp. 363-376.

Nguyen Thi Truc Mai, Nguyen Minh Hieu and Hoang Kim. 2014. Research on cassava cultivation techniques to improve cassava root yields in Dong Xuan District, Phu Yen Province (Abstract). J. Agriculture & Rural Development, No 3 and 4/2014. pp. 76-84.

Nguyen Thi Truc Mai, Nguyen Minh Hieu, Hoang Kim and Nguyen Trong Tung. 2015. Results of research on methods of cassava cultivation in Phu Yen Province. J. Agriculture and Rural Development. pp. 22-29.

Nguyen Thi Thien Phuong, 2012. Selection of peanut varieties for monoculture and intercropping with cassava in Dong Nai Province. Master thesis. Nong Lam University. Ho Chi Minh City, 147 pages.

Nguyen Trong Hien, Trinh Van Mỵ, Nie Xuan Hong, Vu Thi Vui, Nguyen Thien Luong and Tran Van Manh. 2012a. Results of selection and development of cassava variety Sa21-12. MARD recognition for trial production in Decision No. 168/QD-TT-CLT. May 14, 2012.

Nguyen Trong Hien, Trinh Van Mỵ, Nie Xuan Hong, Vu Thi Vui, Nguyen Thien Luong and Tran Van Manh. 2012b. Results of selection and development of cassava variety Sa06. MARD recognition for trial production in Decision No. 169/QD-TT-CLT. May 14, 2012 .

Nguyen Van Bo, Hoang Kim, Le Quoc Doanh, Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Bui Chi Buu, R. Lefroy, Le Huy Ham, Mai Thanh Phung and Tran Vien Thong. 2013. Vietnam cassava achievements and lessons learnt. In: The 11th Extension Forum @ Agriculture, 2013. Subject: “Solutions forsustainable development of cassava”, held by Center for National Agricultural Extension in coordination with the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, held in Tay Ninh province, Aug 26, 2013. http://foodcrops.blogspot.com/2013/09/vietnam-cassava-achievementand-learnt.html)

Pham Van Bien and Hoang Kim. 1992. Cassava production and research in Vietnam. Historical review and future direction. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Cassava Breeding, Agronomy and Utilization Research in Asia. Proc. Third Regional Workshop, held in Malang, Indonesia. Oct. 22-27, 1900. pp. 106-123.

Pham Van Bien, Hoang Kim and R. Howeler. 1996. Cassava cultural practices in Vietnam. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Benchmark Study on Cassava Production, Processing and Marketing in Vietnam. Proc. of a Workshop, held in Hanoi, Vietnam. Oct. 29-Nov.1, 1992. pp. 58-97.

Pham Van Bien and Hoang Kim. 1998. Vietnam cassava. In: Cassava in the Asian region: current situation and prospects. (Cassava Vietnam in Asia Regional Cassava : Current situation and prospects. In: Hoang Kim and Nguyen Van Mai (Eds.). Results of Research and Extension forCassava in Vietnam. Vietnam Cassava Workshop, held at the Institute of Agricultural Sciences for Southern Vietnam, held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. March 2-4, 1998. pp. 9-13.

Pham Van Bien, Hoang Kim, Tran Ngoc Ngoan, R. Howeler and Joel J. Wang. 2007. New developments in the cassava sector of Vietnam. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Cassava Research and Development in Asia. Exploring New Opportunities for an Ancient Crop. Proc. SeventhRegional Workshop, held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002. pp. 25-32. http://www.ciat.cgiar.org/asia_cassava

Tran Cong Khanh, Hoang Kim, Vo VanTuan, Nguyen Huu Hy, Pham Van Bien, Dao Huy Chien, R. Howeler and H. Ceballos. 2007. Results of breeding and developing variety KM140 .Recognition Document of variety KM140. Acceptance Conference of Ministry of Agricultureand Rural Development. 45 pages . The decision of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Certificate No. 3468/QD-BNN–TT, Nov 5, 2007. J. Agriculture and Forestry Engineering, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 1 & 2/2007. pp. 14-19. “Theresults of breeding and developing variety KM140”. Report for official recognition by the Scientific Council of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City. Dec 2009. 54 p.

Tran Cong Khanh, Hoang Kim, Vo Van Tuan, Nguyen Huu Hy, Pham Van Bien, Dao Huy Chien, R. Howeler and H. Ceballos. 2009. Results of breeding and developing variety KM98-5. Report for official recognition by the Scientific Council of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho ChiMinh City. Dec 2009. 40 p.

Tran Ngoc Ngoan. 2008. Evolution of FPR methodologies used and results obtained in Vietnam. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Integrated Cassava-based Cropping Systems in Asia − Working with Farmers to Enhance Adoption of More Sustainable Production Practices. Proc. of the Workshop on the Nippon Foundation Cassava Project in Thailand, Vietnam and China, held in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam. Oct 27-31, 2003.pp. 92-104.

Tran Ngoc Ngoan, and R.H. Howeler. 2007. The adoption of new technologies and the socioeconomic impact of the Nippon Foundation cassava project in Vietnam. In: R.H. Howeler (Ed.). Cassava Research and Development in Asia: Exploring New Opportunities for an AncientCrop. Proc. Seventh Regional Workshop, held in Bangkok, Thailand. Oct 28-Nov 1, 2002. pp.387-399.

Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Nguyen Trong Hien, Nguyen Thi Cach and Hoang Kim. 2014. Results of regional cassava varietal yield trials at four locations in 2011-2013 (Summary). J. Agriculture and Rural Development. June, 2014.

Tran Ngoc Ngoạn, Nguyen Viet Hung, Hoang Kim, Nguyen Trong Hien, Nguyen Thi Cach, Hoang Kim Dieu, Nguyen Thi Truc Mai, Tran Phuong Dong, Nie Xuan Hong. 2015. Final report of the State-level cassava topics: Research and development of cassava as raw materials for themanufacturing of starch and biofuels. Ministry of Science and Technology, Department of Information Science and Technology. Certificate No. 2015-52-787/KQNC. Nov 13, 2015.

Tran Ngoc Quyen, Hoang Kim, Vo Van Tuan and K. Kawano. 1995. Selection results of the new cassava varieties KM60, KM94, KM95 and SM937-26. Scientific Council for Agriculture and Rural Development Ministry, in Bao Loc, Lam Dong , July 14-16, 1995. 26 p.

Trinh Thi Phuong Loan, Tran Ngoc Ngoan, Hoang Van Tat, Dao Huy Chien et al. 1999. Research results on cassava varietal selection in North Vietnam. Results of cassava research and extension. 8th Vietnam Cassava Workshop, held in Ho Chi Minh City, in 1999. pp. 86-96.

Trinh Thi Phuong Loan, Nguyen Trong Hien, Dao Huy Chien, Tran Ngoc Ngoạn and Nguyen Viet Hung. 2008. The results of breeding and developing variety KM98-7. In: MARD, Agricultural Research Workshop , held at Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Science (VAAS), Hanoi. Sep.13, 2008.

See more…
Những thay đổi gần đây trong ngành sắn Việt Nam
Sắn Việt Nam bảo tồn và phát triển bền vững

RECENT CHANGES IN THE CASSAVA SECTOR IN VIETNAM
Nguyen Van Bo (1) and the Vietnam Cassava Research and Development Network
(1) Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Science, Hanoi, Vietnam.

The cassava production and processing industry in Vietnam has experienced enormous
changes in the last decade. During the past 20 years the area planted to cassava has nearly doubled, from about 278,000 ha in 1993 to 544,000 hectares in 2013, while at the same time, with the adoption of high-yield and high-starch varieties, the average yield has also doubled from 9 to about 18 t/ha. The vast majority of cassava in Vietnam is produced by smallholder farmers, for whom it constitutes one of the more important sources of income, especially in poorer communities.

Cassava processing was a very minor business in Vietnam just 20 years ago, whereas now there are more than 80 large cassava starch-processing factories throughout the country, with many more smaller factories. In Tay Ninh Province, which is the largest producer of cassava and has the highest average yield, there are more than 80 starch factories, both large and small. The export of dried cassava chips and of processed starch has grown from a minor industry and now constitutes one of the larger export sectors. Much of the export of cassava products, particularly dried chips, goes to China, with smaller amounts, mainly of starch, to Singapore and elsewhere. In 2010 export
income from cassava grew faster than any other export, with a final value of more than US$800 million, making cassava one of the top agricultural export commodities.

A new area of processing is ethanol for use as fuel. The country’s four ethanol-producing plants have a capacity of 320 million liters per year, with another 300 million liters of capacity expected to come on line soon from three plants under construction in Phu Tho, Quang Ngai and Binh Phuoc Provinces. At the current production levels of cassava, these ethanol plants could consume as much as one-third of total production and half of current exports of chips, much of which is currently used for bio-ethanol production in China.

While the industry is in good health, there are risks. High-yielding and high-starch
varieties have been adopted by most farmers in Vietnam, but about three-quarters of all cassava grown is one variety, namely KM 94. Currently this variety performs well; however, there are always concerns when one variety dominates to such an extent. There are several promising recently released varieties that should be good alternatives to KM 94, but a more systematic approach to breeding and varietal distribution is needed. Cassava production has been largely pest and disease free for many years, but this is changing. The cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, has caused major problems in Thailand and Cambodia, although as yet has not been a major problem in Vietnam. By contrast, there are a number of diseases that are causing concerns. A
timely response to all cassava pest and diseases, in terms of cultural measures of control and breeding for resistance, is now needed. Another threat to cassava production is the low sustainability of many cassava production systems in terms of management of soil fertility and prevention of soil degradation from erosion. The challenge is to work with farmers to identify which are the most appropriate site-specific management systems.

CASSAVA CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN VIETNAM
Hoang Kim (1), Nguyen Thi Truc Mai (2), Nguyen Bach Mai (3) and Reinhardt Howeler (4)

(1) Nong Lam University (NLU), Linh Trung, Thu Duc, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
hoangkim.vietnam@gmail.com; hoangkim@hcmuaf.edu.vn
(2) Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry (HUAF), 102 Phung Hung, Hue, Vietnam;
maiyourlove2003@yahoo.com
(3) Tay Nguyen University (TNU), 567 Le Duan – Buon Ma Thuot , Dak Lak , Vietnam;
maithuyantam@gmail.com
(4) CIAT-Emeritus; r.howeler@cgiar.org

ABSTRACT
The project entitled “Vietnam Cassava Conservation and Sustainable Development” has been very successful, as indicated by the results of trials and demonstrations conducted in Tay Ninh, Dak Lak, Phu Yen and Dong Nai provinces, where farmers using the improved technologies and practices boosted cassava yields from 8.5 t/ha to 36 t/ha – a more than four fold increase.

During the period from 1975 to 2015 cassava has become the third most important food
crop in Vietnam, after rice and maize. In 2013 the cassava area in Vietnam reached 544,300 ha, with a production of 9.74 million tonnes, and an average yield of 17.9 t/ha. Within Asia, Vietnam is now the third largest cassava producer, after Thailand and Indonesia. Between 1975 and 2000, cassava yields in the country ranged from 6 to 8 t/ha, and the crop was grown mainly for human food and animal feeding. This changed markedly with the introduction by CIAT in 1988 of some high-yielding breeding lines and varieties from Thailand. Two varieties, Rayong 60 and KU 50, were selected for release in 1993 and 1995 and were named KM60 and KM94, respectively. During the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st Century, Vietnam produced several new cassava varieties, initially mainly selections from sexual seed from Thailand and CIAT, such as KM95-3, SM937-26, KM98-1, KM98-7, but our breeders also made crosses that resulted in the release of the latest new varieties: KM140, KM98-5, KM419 and others. The breeding and adoption of new varieties as well as the development and adoption of more sustainable production practices resulted in a complete transformation of cassava, from a poor man’s food crop to a highly profitable industrial crop.

More recently, new advances in cassava cultivation techniques have focused on key
demonstration sites in the provinces of Tay Ninh, Dak Lak and Phu Yen using mainly KM419 as a very promising short-duration cassava variety with a fresh root yield of about 35-55 t/ha (28% higher than KM94) and a starch content of about 28-31%. This and other new varieties, together with new advances in cassava cultivation techniques, have yielded spectacular results in trials organized in those three provinces.

The Vietnam National Cassava Program (VNCP) has introduced various methodologies, named “6M” and “10T”, as well as Farmer Participatory Research (FPR), as collaborative experiences that helped to bring advanced technologies into production for millions of poor farmers. This included the selection of high-yielding varieties and the testing and selection by farmers of locally appropriate technologies. Cassava in Vietnam has great potential but also faces big challenges. At the national level, cassava has become one of the main export crops, which has provided for millions of smallholders an opportunity to increase their yields and improve their
standard of living.

Key words: Cassava, production, utilization, cultivation techniques, achievements, lessons and challenges, conservation, sustainable development, Vietnam.

OVERVIEW OF CASSAVA PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION IN VIETNAM

Current Cassava Production in the World and in Vietnam

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) has become one of the most important crops in
the world, used as food, feed and fuel (Table 1). In terms of production, cassava currently ranks 5th, far behind maize, rice, wheat, and potato. But, in many tropical countries, especially in Africa, it is the most, or second most, important food crop. Cassava is not only a crop used for food, but also for animal feed, starch processing and in many countries it is currently the main raw material for biofuel processing, including in Vietnam (Nguyen Van Bo et al., 2013). Compared with 1980, the cassava growing area in the world in 2011 had increased 44%, more than any other food crop (Howeler, R.H. 2014).

Giáo sư Kazuo Kawano và các thành viên Hãng phim NHK Nhật Bản ghi nhận hình ảnh giống sắn KM419 siêu bột cao sản ít sâu bệnh thích ứng rộng tại hai tỉnh Tây Ninh và Đồng Nai năm 2009 tạo nên bước đột phá “Cách mạng sắn ở Việt Nam” đã đưa bội thu sắn Tây Ninh lên 27-30 tấn/ ha trên phạm vi toàn tỉnh, gấp ba lần năng suất sắn trước năm 2000. Giống sắn KM419 từ năm 2009 đã chuyển dần thành giống sắn chủ lực ở tỉnh Tây Ninh và mở rộng diện tích trồng khắp cả nước chiếm 38% tổng diện tích sắn Việt Nam, so giống sắn KM94 chiếm 31,7% (RTB Newsletter 2016. Assessment reveals that most cassava grown in Vietnam has a CIAT pedigree)

Cassava and Vietnam: Now and Then

(キャッサバとベトナム－今昔物語）

Kazuo Kawano

I visited Vietnam for a week this last December, where a team of NHK video-taped for a documentary of the changes caused by the new cassava varieties I introduced 20 years ago in the lives of small framers, the enhanced activities of industrial and business communities and the development of research organizations. It was a most interesting, amusing and rewarding visit where I reunited with a multitude of former small farmers who are more than willing to show me how their living had been improved because of KM-60 and KM-94 (both CIAT-induced varieties) , many “entrepreneurs” who started from a village starch　factory, and several former colleagues who became Professor, Vice Rector of Universities, Directors of research centers and so on. Vietnam can be regarded as a country who accomplished the most visible and visual progress most rapidly and efficiently utilizing CIAT-induced technology.

For my own record as well as for responding to the requests from my Vietnamese colleagues, I decided to record the changes and progress that had taken place in Vietnam in general and in cassava varietal development in particular in a series of picture stories. This is the first of long stories that would follow.

昨年の12月に、NHKの国際ドキュメンタリー番組の収録でベトナムを10年ぶりに再訪する機会があった。それは私が中心となって開発したキャッサバの多収性・高澱粉性の新品種群を20年前に導入した事が引き起こした人々の生活向上の様子を、南から北へと訪ね歩く旅であった。今回の旅では、小農から出発して家を建て中農、富農となった多数の人々、村の澱粉加工所の親父だったのが大工場のオーナーや実業家となっている幾人もの成功者、そして殆んど名前だけの研究員であったのが今や試験場長、大学教授、副学長になっている昔の仲間達を訪ね歩いたが、その殆んどの人が私との再会を喜んでくれて、口々に新しいキャッサバ品種のおかげで自分達の生活と境遇が革命的に良くなったと話してくれた。

私自身の記録のため、それにベトナムの昔の仲間からのリクエストに答える目的もあって、この20年間のベトナムの発展とキャッサバ生産の進展を絵物語風に書き留めることにした。これはその長い物語の始まりの章である。

The basis of Vietnamese agriculture is rice. Cassava is planted on the upper parts.

In flat, dry area, they plant cassava predominantly

Meeting old friends at Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center：Now, Hoang Kim is Senior Lecturer at Nong Lam University in Ho Chi Minh city and Nguyen Huu Hy is Director of Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center

Reunion with advanced farmer Mr. Ho Sau with Hoang Kim and students in Trang Bom, Dong Nai

Reunion with advanced farmer Mr. Tong Quoc Thanh with Hoang Kim in Tay Ninh

Meeting Former Director Truong Van Ho, old colleague Trinh Thi Phuong Loan (Retired as Deputy Director) and other friends at Root Crop Research Center, Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute in Hanoi

Meeting Tran Ngoc Ngoan (Now, Vice-Rector of Thai Nguyen University), Mrs. Loan and Mr. Ngo Trung Kien (an advanced farmer) in Mr. Kien’s house, Pho Yen, Bac Thai

Meeting Mrs. Sau and Mrs. Quyen, successful former cassava farmers, in Hatay, near Hanoi

Giving concluding remarks in the end of Vietnam Journey in Lake Hoan Kiem, Hanoi,
5 Dec 2009

A BRIEF HISTORY OF A SUCCESSFUL BREEDING PROGRAM

As is widely known, Vietnam has accomplished a rapid economic development in recent 20 years. During the same period, , cassava, starting from a low status crop grown by small farmers and consumed as human food by poor people, has grown into a major crop providing raw materials for animal feeding, industrial starch processing and most recently bio-ethanol production (though I have some reservations for using cassava for this purpose), thus bringing precious cash income to millions of small farm families. When I first visited Vietnam in 1988, cassava’s acreage all over the country was 0.28 million ha with mean yield of 8.4 t/ha. It now occupies 0.56 million ha (official figure: the actual figure is said to be around 0.65 million ha; the emphasis of research is gradually shifting from varietal improvement to soil conservation) with 15.9t/ha mean yield. Vietnam has now advanced to World No. 2 exporter of cassava products next only to Thailand.

It is extremely gratifying to witness this progress toward the end of my career; then, what made this experience possible? The breeding work that has brought this result started when I joined CIAT as cassava breeder in 1973, where CIAT was inaugurating an integrated cassava research program with global mandate by recruiting a half dozen of young PhD from world reputable universities. As such, I initiated a comprehensive cassava breeding program using a population which contained a vast genetic variation coming from more than 2000 native varieties collected from the centers of origin and diversification of cassava all over Latin America.

Especially noteworthy in this process is the fact that those countries such as Colombia, Brazil and Mexico where abundant cassava germplasm existed donated to or allowed CIAT to collect native cassava varieties on the condition that the newly established international research center CIAT uses all these germplasm for the welfare of people in the world without pursuing any monetary profit. It goes without saying that those rural small farmers who grew native cassava varieties inherited from their ancestors were very cooperative with the CIAT collection. The researchers as well the early CIAT administration clearly shared the immeasurable importance of basic germplasm in pursuing large scale breeding.

I accomplished much of the basic breeding during the first 10 years at CIAT/Colombia and moved to Thailand in 1983 by opening a CIAT/Asia office on the understanding that the effect of cassava varietal improvement would be more eminent in Asia. Thus, I started a more practical breeding in close collaboration with Thai workers. Here again, we were very thankful that the Colombian government allowed us to transfer cassava breeding materials to Asia without condition. As a result, I had transferred more than 1 million genotypes of cassava, mainly in the form of F1 hybrid seeds, from Latin America to Asia during the 15 years that followed.

This breeding work, based on the hybridizations between Latin American and Thai materials, resulted in a great success and produced many superior varieties. Now, some 97% of the total 1.15million ha of cassava in Thailand is planted with these new varieties we developed. I transferred many advanced breeding materials from Thailand to other Asian countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, China and Vietnam. In this process as well, the Thai government authorization of transferring our breeding materials to other Asian countries, which could well be potential (in fact, actual) competitors to Thailand, was to be highly appreciated.

In 1989, I brought planting stakes of Rayong 60 and Kasetsart 50 among others as a check-in baggage of the Bangkok-Ho Chi Minh flight (The import and plant quarantine permit had been very willingly arranged by the Vietnamese institution). Upon harvesting the first cycle evaluation /multiplication at Hung Loc Center in 1990, I carried the planting stakes of these varieties from HCM to Hanoi to be evaluated and multiplied by the research institutions in the North. In retrospect, my action was rather unorthodox power play. Nevertheless, considering that this was the beginning of a long story which would develop to generating an annual additional economic effect in the order of 200 million US dollars to be shared by the millions of small farmers, power play may be justified on certain critical occasions.

F1 selection at CIAT/Colombia in1976

One of the early selections, CIAT/Colombia circa 1980

F1 selection at Rayong Center, Thailand, circa 1987

Rayong 60 in Feb 1988 at Rayong Center, one of the major early successes at CIAT/Thai collaborative breeding program

A typical cassava field in North Vietnam in 1989

Cassava harvest being carried to market in Ho Chi Minh city in 1988

Processing cassava for noodle near Bien Hoa in 1988

Cassava starch processing as a cottage industry in Tay Ninh early 1990s

By 1996, farmers can harvest more cassava for feeding pigs by planting new varieties (Here is KM-60 or Rayong 60 in Hung Loc Agricultural Research Center, Dong Nai Province (1990)

and Ha Tay Province (1996)

Large scale cassava starch factories began to appear in Tay Ninh circa 1996

Cassava starch production became a big business following the step of Thailand (Tay Ninh 2009)

Now, the Bio-ethanol processing using cassava (A new Bio-Ethanol Plant is being built in Phu Tho)

Ho Chi Minh city (Saigon)
I began my first trip report to Vietnam 22 years ago with the following phrase “As the Air France flight 174 landed eventlessly at the airport of Ho Chi Minh City, only the vastness of the airport reminded me of its once familiar name of Tan Son Nhut, which was now more a symbol; of disrepair and abandonment.” Now, two decades later, Ho Chi Minh city is an entirely different place. See the town before and now.

The tallest building I could see in 1988. It had an eerie feeling of a ghost house.

Street filled with bicycles in 1988.

Now in 2009, many new buildings were constructed and being constructed.

Traffic is now like Bangkok 20 years ago.

Now, serious efforts are being paid to keep the town presentable.

As a result, the city looks very charming these days.

Hanoi

A similar transmutation took place in Hanoi, but the extent of metamorphosis is actually greater in Hanoi because Hanoi in the 1980s was somewhat dismal place.

A typical Hanoi building in 1989

A Hanoi street in 1989

Hanoi outlook in 2009, it is quite an attractive town.

Hanoi street is less noisy and probably more cultured than HCM (2009)

Relaxing at Hoan Kiem Lake in Hanoi (2009)

People (South)

Children and housing in Bien Hoa near Ho Chi Minh city in 1988

Moon cake factory in Ho Chi Minh city in 1988

Busy street in Ho Ch Minh city in 2009

Barbecue shop in Ho Chi Minh city in 2009

Children and mothers attending an art class in Ho Chi Minh city in 2009

People (North)

“Curiosos”; When we visited Hanoi in 1989, just the presence of Reinhardt Howeler caused quite a sensation.

Farm people near Hanoi in 1989

Children in cassava field near Hanoi in 1989

People in front of Mrs. Sau’s house in Hatay, near Hanoi in 2009; Successful lives change many things.

People relaxing on the bridge at Hoan Kiem Lake in Hanoi in 2009

Hanoi street shop in 2009; Westerners are no longer a curiosity

Shops in Ho Chi Minh city (more pictures including)

Ben Thanh Market in the center of Ho Chi Minh city in 1988
Inside the Market
Cassava sold in open market in Ho Chi Minh city in 1988
Market in 2009
Bread shop in HCM street in 2009; the cheapest one is \15 and the most expensive one is \50 (US$0.55)
A super market
Yet, outside HCM, this type of a small, traditional operation is still common; A movable shop near Bien Hoa in 2009
Shops in Hanoi
Hanoi market with children in 1989
Money changers in Hanoi street in 1989
Hanoi street shops in 2009
A toy shop in Hanoi in 2009
A department store in Hanoi in 2009

Book store in Ho Chi Minh city

As was expected, there was hardly any book store worthy of mention in my first visit in 1988. What I observed in this visit in 2009 follows:
The main section of a big book store
Children book section
Stationary section
I was most impressed with the good quality maps printed in Vietnam being sold at very reasonable prices

Noodle shops
When I first visited Vietnam in 1988, there was hardly any restaurant, in many places not even an eating place for pay, outside Saigon. All our itinerary was managed by the “Liaison officer” of the Government office in charge of foreign visitors and all the eating outside the big cities was officially arranged. The choice and the quality was predictably unimpressive at that time.

I was to witness a tremendous change in eating in this visit in 2009.
For shop in Hanoi
The renowned “Fo”
Market noodle shop in Ben Thanh Market in Ho Chi Minh city
A super deluxe version of cassava noodle “ラーメン” at \250(US$2.75)
Vietnam has caught up with Thailand in this type of ordinary eating; “Fo” is quite comparable with “Bamie Nam” of Thailand
Vietnam is the No.2 exporter of coffee next only to Brazil overtaking Colombia. As such, the Vietnamese coffee is good as ever, together with the Vietnamese bread,

Hotel
I described about the state of a government-run “hotel” where we stayed in May 1989 as follows; “Yet, we had worst experiences when we traveled outside big cities. When we decided to stay in the city of Phan Rang about 350km to the northeast of Ho Chi Minh city, the new privately run hotel was all full so that we had to stay at the government run hotel. The government hotel occupied a large lot in which the sleeping quarters were 100m away from the eating place. Not a single soul was staying at this vast place on that night. I suspected no one had stayed for the past three months at least. The room was full of spider webs and dung of wall lizards and inevitably very dirty. There was no air conditioning or private toilet. A naked bulb was the only illumination and the door knob must have given out some 15 years ago and a huge pad lock had replaced it. The towel was provided but its original color was indiscernible. Many cockroaches were running in the communal bath room in which the toilet was full of rubbish and never flushed. An about 5cm rubber hose connected to the water faucet was the only shower facility (actually it worked very well; the only thing I liked of this ghost house. I was rather refreshed after suffering from all these pandemonium). The whole atmosphere suggested how a prison cell would look like. The whole setting was in good contrast with the private run hotel which was smaller but filled with guests and maintained a cheerful atmosphere. This was in the South. Things were worse in the North.

Yet, the most appalling part was the payment. The attendants, all elderly women, charged each of the Vietnamese colleagues an equivalent of US$1.75 in local currency, which was not particularly high for our understanding but paying an equivalent of 1.5 day wage for this accommodation was disputable. By regulation, they charged each of us US$27.50 in hard currency. In China, foreigners usually have to pay twice as much as native Chinese for air tickets, train tickets or hotel accommodation. For the domestic air tickets of Air Vietnam, foreigners have to pay four times as much in hard currency. Yet, this time it was 15 times as much. The attendants were showing the faces of incredulity. Anyone paying money for staying in this place was surprising enough. It must take foreign idiots to pay two month salary of local people for staying in this miserable place. Something is grossly wrong with the economic system. It is a tragedy that more than ten years was necessary to realize that.”Everything changed during the past 20 years, of course. Yet, it is in the hotel situation where the change can be seen most dramatically.

Hotel buildings in Ho Chi Minh city in 2009
Breakfast at Saigon Oscar Hotel where I stayed for three days in Dec 2009

Yet, the most impressive is the change in people’s attitude toward service and responsibility. I carelessly left a bag containing some memory cards and a recharger in my room at this Saigon Oscar Hotel. I realized this when I arrived in Hanoi but it was too late. Only half expectedly, I called the hotel from Yamatedai, Japan informing about what had happened. The hotel attendant answered that they were keeping the item in their Lost-and Found section. I immediately sent a Fax asking them to send the bag to my address in Japan. To my delight, the bag arrived in Yamatedai in good order a week later. I found it fair to inform this rather pleasant experience in some travelers’ Blog (口コミ旅行情報) as follows;

HUNG LOC AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTER

In addition to the recognition, promotion and social success of my former colleagues such as Hoang Kim, Nguyen Huu Hy, Trinh Thi Phuong Loan and Tran Ngoc Ngoan, the upgrading of the institutions where we used to conduct the varietal improvement work together is another very pleasant side product of our collaboration.

We (Reinhardt Howeler and myself) started with this type of formal, if not stressful, negotiation on how we would conduct our collaboration at Hung Loc Center in 1988.

Even as late as in 1992, the meeting was not without some tenseness.

Hung Loc Center was a rather sleepy, smallish place typical of underdeveloped countries (1990)

Harvested cassava roots from the experimental plots were carried by this type of “Truck” to the nearby processing place, circa 1992.

To my delightful surprise, Hung Loc Center in 2009 is a quite different place.

New building at Hung Loc Center in 2009

Meeting old friends in front of the meeting hall at Hung Loc Center in Dec 2009.

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No. 3 TO THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

When we first visited North Vietnam in 1989, Thai Nguyen was a rather uninspiring rural town where the only higher education institution was a small college called Agricultural College No.3. Several students hanging their laundry at their dormitory was about the only memory I got in my first visit to AC3.

AC3 campus in 1994. Children beside the cassava experiment field inside the AC3 campus in 1994

Thai Nguyen University campus in Dec 2009 (The former AC3 was upgraded to a university housing more than 10,000 students)

My dear friend Ngoan is now Vice Rector of Thai Nguyen University

Receiving a gift from the University in Dec 2009

VARIETAL IMPROVEMENT

Varietal Improvement in the South

This is, of course, the core of the story. Since much has been reported in formal papers, I am herein just showing some photos for remembrance.

The first bulk harvest of KM-60 (right) compared with the local variety, probably HL-23 (left) at Hung Loc Center in 1991.

KM-60 (left) and the local variety HL23 (right) with KK and Kim at Hung Loc Center circa 1993.

Director Hoang Kim standing contentedly with KM-94 (right) and the local variety HL23 (left) at Hung Loc Center circa 1993.

KK with colleagues at KM-60 field in Dong Nai in 1996

Harvest of new varieties from Thailand at Hung Loc Center in 1997.

Multiplication of a new variety from Thailand at Hung Loc Center in 1997.

New variety KM98-1 at Hung Loc Center in 2000.

Good planting of KM 98-5 in Tay Ninh in 2009.

KK and Kim in Tay Ninh at KM 419 field in Dec 2009.

Varietal Improvement in the North

Ngoan and KK in a varietal trial field in Bac Thai circa 1995.

KK and farmers near Pho Yen in 1997.

Local variety Vinh Phu (left) and KM-94 (right) with Ngoan and KK at AC3 experiment field in 1997.

Local variety (left) and KM-60 (right) in Hatay in 1996 with Loan at the center with a TV crew.

A new selection KM-95-1 (left) and the local variety Vinh Phu (right) in Hatay in 1997 with Director Ho on the left.

A group photo taken at the experiment field in Hatay in 1997. Faces of Ho, Loan, Mr. Tat, Mrs. Sau, Mrs Quyen among others.

Cassava field near Pho Yen in Dec 2009.

Ngoan (Professor and Vice Chancellor), Mr. Kien (a dedicated farmer), KK, and Loan (Retired Deputy director) at Mr. Kien’s cassava field near Pho Yen in Dec 2009.

READINESS FOR WORKING WITH FARMERS

One thing outstanding in our collaboration with the Vietnamese colleagues is their acute readiness for working closely with farmers. This is in good contrast to my Latin American experience.

Cassava field near Hanoi, circa 1995. Loan, a farm wife, KK and Ho.

Hearing from farmers in Hatay in 1996. KK and Mr. Chien, Deputy Director of Root Crop Research Center, VASI.

Loan leading a town meeting in Hatay in 1996.

Ngoan presiding a village meeting in Pho Yen in 1996.

Harvest of a field trial in Bac Thai in 1996; a curious mixture of Ngoan (Professor to be), students, farmers, an old woman and a baby.

Reunion at Mr. Kien’s house in Pho Yen 13 years later.

Strangely absent from my photo collection is Hoang Kim. Kim is the undisputed champion of associating with fellow researchers from other institutions, farmers from many provinces. Kim initiated the invitation of advanced farmers to the selection field at Hung Loc Center so as to evaluate and select their own favorites; a harbinger to the later much celebrated “farmer participatory research.

Here in 2009 in Dong Nai and Tay Ninh cassava field, Kim is mixing with advanced farmers, students, extension staff and officials.

SUCCESSFUL FARMER

I: Mrs. Tran Thi Quyen, Hatay

Here are the portraits of some successful farmers who had improved their lots remarkably utilizing the new cassava varieties.

Typical cassava farmers’ houses seen in our 1989 visit in North Vietnam.

Mrs. Tran Thi Quyen was one of those cassava/pig farmers in Hatay Province who had first adopted KM-60, With the better harvest of the new variety, she could increase the number of pigs she could sell to the market. This was the new house she was building using the money she earned and saved, which she was proudly showing me in my 1997 visit. The house was complete with a kitchen, toilet and bathroom under the single roof and cost some \80,000 (US$700) at that time.

Mrs. Quyen (left) with her grandchild in our reunion in Dec 2009.

Mrs. Quyen is still growing cassava and pigs. She is now building a new much bigger house.

II: Mr. Ngo Trung Kien, Pho Yen

Cassava was a small farmers’ crop used for family pig feeding or sold to small noodle factories.

Cassava chips drying on the road circa 1994.

Cassava and pig in North Vietnam before the introduction of new varieties.

Cassava noodle drying near Hanoi in 1989.

Mr. Ngo Trung Kien of Pho Yen, Bac Tay Province a dedicated farmer and one of the earliest adopters of KM-60. He has been successful in expanding his cassava/pig farming. Here in his plot in 2009, he was planting KM-98.

Mr. Kien is a innovative farmer as well. He introduced feeding chickens with cassava.

Pig feeding continues as ever. Mr. Kien told us he could now sell more than 50 mature pigs to the market annually.

Meeting village people at Mr. Kien’s house, Dec 2009. He has taught all his techniques to other farmers in the same village. Many farmers have built new houses and virtually all families own a motorcycle these days.

III: Mr. Tong Quoc Thanh, Tay Ninh

Mr. Tong Quoc Thanh of Tay Ninh Province was one of the earliest adopters of KM-60 promoted by the erstwhile Director Hoang Kim of Hung Loc Center. He was reputed to have made a lot of money by the multiplication and the sales of planting stakes of KM-60 and later KM-94. Either because he is a shay man by character or he is afraid of the Tax Office, Mr. Thanh does not elaborate too much about his success especially on the money making. Nevertheless, by any standard Mr. Thanh is a vastly successful man and the extensive cassava planting of his own cannot defy the reputation.

Mr. Thanh uses KM98-5 (tai xanh) and KM419 (tai do, cut lun) for intercropping with rubber tree, Tay Ninh in 2009.

KM-94 is still the best for mono-culture cassava in Tay Ninh, Mr. Thanh agrees. But he is planting KM98-5 (tai xanh) and KM419 (tai do) extensively in his field, probably because being a new variety, KM98-5 and KM419 still offers good opportunities for planting stake sale.

V: Mrs. Nguyen Thi Sau, Hatay
… When we visited Mrs. Sau in 1996, she showed us her new pig pen; KK, Mrs. Sau, Mrs. Quyen, children and Mr. Tat (Extension office at Root Crop Research Center, VASI).

In 1997, Mrs. Sau was very proud of posing in front of her new house and motor cycles. I heard the house cost some equivalent of 250,000 (US$2,000) at that time.

Loan, Chien, Mrs. Sau’s husband (working in the Municipal office), Mrs. Sau and Tat.

Mrs. Sau’s new mansion in 2009.

Front view of Mrs. Sau’s mansion.
Sala of Mrs. Sau’s mansion.

With the expansion of Hanoi city area, Mrs. Sau’s place is now much urbanized. Being a small but smart “entrepreneur”, Mrs. Sau is now President of a mineral water production and distribution company.

V: Mr. Ho Sau, Trang Bom

At the time of our first visit in 1988, Trang Bom, one of the fiercest battle fields of Vietnam War, was not much more than a sleepy little town.

Mr. Ho Sau, who lived next door to Hung Loc Center near Trang Bom and Bien Hoa, was the first farmer to be invited to Hung Loc Center to observe the harvest of a cassava varietal trial which included KM-60. He quickly decided to multiply the small sample stakes of KM-60 for his own planting and later for sales to other farmers. Mr. Sau, 2nd from left, was a celebrated participant to the Workshop held at Hung Loc Center in 1997.
Mr. Sau’s cassava Palace in 2009. Mr. Sau is now an enormously successful business man owning large cassava plantings, a couple of cassava processing plants and a trading company.

His garden is decorated with many wonderful objects. A sculpture carved from the root of a single tree.

Yet, the most imposing is the crocodile pool with a dozen or so crocodiles for display.

Mr. Sau is not a type to hide his success to the extent of being flamboyant. Yet, he is intent in giving opportunities to many kinds of people. He is building houses for less fortunate families in the same village. Here in this photo below, he provides land and facility for Prof. Kim and his students to conduct field experiments. As such, I was reminded of the Colombian Pablo Escobar. While Escobar was a bad guy drug king, Mr. Sau may be a good guy cassava king.

From right to left: Students of Nong Lam University, Prof. Kim. KK and Mr. Sau.

GRAHAM GEEENE [ THE QUIET AMERICAN ]

It was a delight to travel through Vietnam with 「The Quiet American」in hand. It was my third time to read this book. By the end of the journey, my paper back was nearly disintegrated. While I could not find this novel being sold in book stores in Ho Chi Minh and Hanoi, the street hawkers had a pirated version of the book. Honoring the hawkers’ smartness of finding the value of 「The Quiet American」as souvenir, I paid 80,000Don (some \400) to a hawker in Ho Chi Minh. In Hanoi, a hawker ran after me for some 50m offering the book for 50,000Dong.

Joy of reading 「The Quiet American」at The Continental Hotel.

Excerpts from 「The Quiet American」Graham Greene

P. 60, “I never knew a man who had better motives for all the trouble he caused.”

P. 74, “I was to see many times that look of pain and disappointment touch his eyes and mouth when reality didn’t match the romantic ideas he cherished, or when someone he loved or admired dropped below the impossible standard he had set.”

P. 94, “I laugh at anyone who spends so much time writing about what doesn’t exist – mental concepts.”

P. 103, “If somebody asked you what your deepest sexual experience had been, What would you say?” I knew the answer to that. “Lying in bed early one morning and watching a woman in a red dressing-gown brush her hair.” “Joe said it was being in bed with a Chink and a negress at the same time.”

P. 167, “He gets hold of an idea and then alters every situation to fit the idea.”

Plain as it is, this novel describes about the dark side of innocence. It is now profoundly touching that Greene had clearly manifested the impossibility of America winning a war against Vietnam as far back as in 1955.

In this vein, it is unsettling to find that this novel is regarded as a simple love story, if not a melodrama, in Japan, as can be seen in the following cut out from the major newspaper Asahi. It is somehow a part of our Japanese culture to reduce things to a minimum context, resigning to not seeing the whole.

DAVID HALBERSTAM [THE MAKING OF A QUAGMIRE]

David Halberstam is best known for his 「The Best and the Brightest」which was published in 1972 and became a world best-seller. His earlier book「The Making of a Quagmire], published in 1965, is less known but highly appreciated by some critics for much of the Halberstam’s perspectives on the Vietnam War originated from his experiences described in this book. I have been wanting to read this book ever after I read 「The Best and the Brightest」but the book was out of print for a long time. In one of many Internet notices from “Amazon” , of which I seldom pay serious attention, I found 「The Making of a Quagmire」was republished in 2008.

While 「The Best and the Brightest」is an in-depth analysis of Washington politics during the Johnson/ Nixon era, 「The Making of a Quagmire」is a ground level description of the local battles and politics in Vietnam during the Kennedy time. If 「The Quiet American」is a romantic narrative of innocence and complacency, 「The Making of a Quagmire」is a poignant account of ignorance and arrogance.

While「The Making of a Quagmire」contains all the reasons why America could not win the War in Vietnam, Chapter Six “Disaster: The Battle of Ap Bac” of this book describes, factor by factor, why the South Vietnamese/American forces could not win local battles in Vietnam. It is not that the Battle of Ap Bac was the turning point of the Vietnam War. It is remarkable because the Battle of Ap Bac contained all the elements why the Viet Cong/National Liberation Front could not be defeated.

If one reads 「The Making of a Quagmire」seriously, it should be transparent under the bright sun that this war could not be won by outside forces. Yet, Kennedy/Johnson Administration did not learn from the Pulitzer Prize (1964) of Halberstam in general and from the Battle of Ap Bac (Jan 1963) in particular. The North bombing by the US Air Force started in Feb 1965 and US Marines Corps were massively stationed at Da Nang in Mar 1965. History continues. As if nothing had not been learnt from Vietnam, and from 「The Best and the Brightest」in particular, the father/son Bush Administration went ahead with the Iraq and Afghan War on the same ignorance and arrogance. To human history, what is not learnt often outweighs what is learnt.

EPILOGUE
Throughout my many years of association with Vietnam, I have gotten to know many people, whom I seem to be able to categorize in retrospect. I got my first impression of the Vietnamese from the several Vietnamese trainees staying at the International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines in 1963 and it was not particularly a favorable one. They appeared rather uncaring, cynical and apathetic, if not selfish, contemptuous, and corrupt. I may be too harsh and judgmental on them; nevertheless, Halberstam wrote about this type of people belonging to the upper strata of the South Vietnamese society during the same period so vividly and critically in 「The Making of a Quagmire」that my judgment might not have been too far away from the reality.

My ten years of close collaboration with my cassava breeding colleagues in the 1990s and the reunion with them in this trip completely changed my assessment of the Vietnamese. As evidenced by the series of my reporting here, they are industrious, insightful, considerate and indefatigable, as if to emulate General Vo Nguyen Giap. I might be a little too positively partial to those friends of mine. Nevertheless, I have a similar feeling toward some of my colleagues in Rayong, Thailand and Nanning, China to count a few. During the two decades of post-war Japan, we seem to have many Japanese of this category as well.

Then comes the mass of the population who just want tomorrow to be better than today. In this trip, I was deeply impressed and touched in meeting many people who seemed never to doubt tomorrow is better than today. This reminds me of the Japanese during the next two decades of post-war where the majority of the population was seeing a rosy future. Now in Japan, more than 30,000 people commit suicide annually and the main reason for this act is believed to be hopelessness to the present and future. Needless to say, Vietnam is not without problems such as the incompleteness of juridical system or rampant corruption to name some. Yet, the proportion of people feeling happy seems to be far higher in Vietnam than in Japan now. It is fascinating to imagine where these former colleagues of mine would further lead this society to.

People at a cassava open market near Hanoi in 1989.
People on a boat in Saigon river in 1988.
People on a ferry near Hanoi in 1989.
Boys on a Hanoi street in 1991.
Girls on a Hanoi street in 1991.
Two daughters at a village starch plant in Tay Ninh in1992.
People harvesting rice in Tay Ninh in 2009.
Hyper-energetic people in Ho Chi Minh city in 2009.
People relaxing at Hoan Kiem Lake, Hanoi in 2009.Chi tiết hình ảnh mời xem tại Source: https://foodcrops.blogspot.com/2012/09/cassava-and-vietnam-now-and-then.html

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Cassava in Vietnam: a successful story

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CIAT is 50: Building a sustainable food future since 1967

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BM Nguyễn cùng với Jonathan Newby.10 tháng 11, 2019 · Được mùa VÀO NGÀY NÀY 2 năm trước; Hoàng Kim cùng với Luat Nguyen và Cua Ho Quang. 11 tháng 11, 2019 · Đã chia sẻ với Công khai

Cassava and Vietnam: Now and Then

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BM Nguyễn cùng với Jonathan Newby.10 tháng 11, 2019 · Được mùa VÀO NGÀY NÀY 2 năm trước; Hoàng Kim cùng với Luat Nguyen và Cua Ho Quang. 11 tháng 11, 2019 · Đã chia sẻ với Công khai

Cassava and Vietnam: Now and Then

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